Appropriate for social science students, this text offers comprehensive coverage of both experimental and non-experimental methods. The author provides succinct explanations for a full range of methods, including descriptive, correlational, experimental, and quasi-experimental research designs. Practical tips and applications integrated throughout the text allow students to make real-world connections that encourage them to master the material. INDICE: 1. Introduction to Research. Behavioral Research. Everyday ScienceVersus Empirical Research. Relying on Our Intuition. Discovering the Limitations of Using Intuition. The Scientific Method. Values Versus Facts in Scientific Research. Basic and Applied Research. The Importance of Studying Research Methods. Evaluating Research Reports. Conducting Research. Thinking Critically About Research. Research Designs: Three Approaches to Studying Behavior. Descriptive Research: Assessing the Current State of Affairs. Correlational Research: Seeking Relationships Among Variables. Experimental Research: Understandingthe Causes of Behavior. The Selection of an Appropriate Method. Current Research in The Behavioral Sciences: Preferences For Brands That Contain The Letters Of Our Own Name. 2. Developing the Research Hypothesis. Getting Ideas. Solving Important Real-World Problems. Using Observation and Intuition. Using Existing Research. Doing a Literature Search. Locating Sources of Information. Conducting the Search. Formalizing Ideas into Research Hypotheses. Laws. Theories.The Research Hypothesis. 3. Ethics in Research. What Is Ethical Research? Protecting Research Participants from Physical and Psychological Harm. Types of Threats. The Potential for Lasting Impact. Providing Freedom of Choice. Conducting Research Outside the Laboratory. Securing Informed Consent. Weighing Informed Consent Versus the Research Goals. Maintaining Awareness of Power Differentials. Avoiding Abuses of Power. Respecting Participants' Privacy. Honestly Describing the Nature and Use of the Research. When Deception Is Necessary. Simulation Studies: An Alternative to Deception. The Consequences of Deception. Debriefing. Using Animals as Research Participants. Ensuring that Research Is Ethical. The Institutional Review Board. The Researcher's Own Ethics. Correctly and Honestly Reporting Research Results. PART II: MEASURING AND DESCRIBING. 4.Measures. Fundamentals of Measurement. Operational Definition. Converging Operations. Conceptual and Measured Variables. Nominal and Quantitative Variables. Measurement Scales. Self-Report Measures. Free-Format Self-Report Measures. Fixed-Format Self-Report Measures. Reactivity as a Limitation in Self-Report Measures. Behavioral Measures. Nonreactive Measures. Psychophysiological Measures. Choosing a Measure. Current Research in The Behavioral Sciences: The Hillyer-Jones Kinematics Scale Of Locomotion In Rats With Spinal Injuries. 5. Reliability and Validity. Random and Systematic Error. Reliability. Test-Retest Reliability. Reliability as Internal Consistency. Interrater Reliability. Construct Validity. Face Validity. Content Validity. Convergent and Discriminant Validity. Criterion Validity. Improving the Reliability and Validity of Measured Variables. Comparing Reliability and Validity. Current Research in The Behavioral Sciences: Using Multiple Measured Variables To Assess The Conceptual Variable Of Panic Symptoms. 6. Surveys and Sampling. Surveys. Interviews. Questionnaires. Use of Existing Survey Data. Sampling and Generalization. Definition of the Population. Probability Sampling. Sampling Bias and Nonprobability Sampling. Summarizing the Sample Data. Frequency Distributions. Descriptive Statistics. Sample Size and the Margin of Error. Current Research in The Behavioral Sciences: Assessing Americans' Attitudes Toward Healthcare. 7. Naturalistic Methods. Naturalistic Research. Observational Research. The Unacknowledged Participant. The Acknowledged Participant. Acknowledged and Unacknowledged Observers. Case Studies. Systematic Coding Methods. Deciding What to Observe. Deciding How to Record Observations. Choosing Sampling Strategies. Archival Research. Current Research in the Behavioral Sciences: Detecting Psychopathy From Thin Slices of Behavior. PART III: TESTING RESEARCH HYPOTHESES. 8. Hypothesis Testing and Inferential Statistics. Probability and Inferential Statistics. Sampling Distributions and Hypothesis Testing. The Null Hypothesis. Testing for Statistical Significance. Reduction of Inferential Errors. Type 1 Errors. Type 2 Errors. Statistical Power. The Tradeoff Between Type 1 and Type 2 Errors. Statistical Significance and the Effect Size. Practical Uses of the Effect Size Statistic. 9. Correlational Research Designs. Associations Among Quantitative Variables. Linear Relationships. Nonlinear Relationships. Statistical Assessment of Relationships. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient. The Chi-Square Statistic. Multiple Regression. Correlation and Causality. Interpreting Correlations. UsingCorrelational Data to Test Causal Models. When Correlational Designs Are Appropriate. Current Research In The Behavioral Sciences: Moral Conviction, Religiosity, and Trust in Authority. 10. Experimental Research: One-Way Designs. Demonstration of Causality. Association. Temporal Priority. Control of Common-Causal Variables. One-Way Experimental Designs. The Experimental Manipulation. Selection of the Dependent Variable. Variety and Number of Levels. Analysis of Variance. Hypothesis Testing in Experimental Designs. Between-Groups and Within-Groups Variance Estimates. The ANOVA Summary Table. Repeated-Measures Designs. Advantages of Repeated-Measures Designs. Disadvantages of Repeated-Measures Designs. When to Use a Repeated-Measures Design. Presentation of Experiment Results. When Experiments Are Appropriate. Current Research In The Behavioral Sciences: Does Social Exclusion "Hurt?" PART IV: DESIGNING AND INTERPRETING RESEARCH. 11. Experimental Research: Factorial Designs. Factorial Experimental Designs. The Two-Way Design. Main Effects. Interactions and Simple Effects. The ANOVA Summary Table. Understanding Interactions. Patterns of Observed Means. Interpretation of Main Effects When Interactions Are Present. More Factorial Designs. The Three-Way Design. Factorial Designs Using Repeated Measures. Comparison of the Condition Means in Experimental Designs. Pairwise Comparisons.
- ISBN: 978-0-8400-3246-1
- Editorial: Wadsworth
- Encuadernacion: Rústica
- Páginas: 464
- Fecha Publicación: 25/03/2010
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés