This General, Organic and Biochemistry text has been written for students preparing for careers in health–related fields such as nursing, dental hygiene, nutrition, medical technology and occupational therapy. It is also suited for students majoring in other fields where it is important to have an understanding of the basics of chemistry. An integrated approach is employed in which related general chemistry, organic chemistry, and biochemistry topics are presented in adjacent chapters. This approach helps students see the strong connections that exist between these three branches of chemistry, and allows instructors to discuss these, interrelationships while the material is still fresh in students? minds. INDICE: CHAPTER 1 S CIENCE AND M EASUREMENTS 1 1.1 The Scientific Method 2 1.2 Matter and Energy 5 1.3 Units of Measurement 9 1.4 Scientific Notation, SI and Metric Prefixes 13 1.5 Measurements and Significant Figures 15 1.6 Conversion Factors and the Factor Label Method 22 1.7 Density, Specific Gravity, and Specific Heat 25 1.8 Measurements in General Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, and Biochemistry 29 CHAPTER 2 A TOMS AND 2.1 Atoms 44 2.2 Elements 46 2.3 Trace Elements 48 2.4 Atomic Number and Mass Number 51 2.5 Periodic Table 54 2.6 The Mole 59 2.7 The Arrangement of Electrons 62 2.8 Radioactive Isotopes 68 2.9 Radioisotopes in Medicine 71 CHAPTER 3 C OMPOUNDS 88 3.1 Ions 90 3.2 The Octet Rule 93 3.3 Ionic Compounds 96 3.4 Covalent Bonds 101 3.5 Molecules 103 3.6 Formula Weight, Molecular Weight, and Molar Mass 105 CHAPTER 4 A N I NTRODUCTION TO O RGANIC C OMPOUNDS 116 4.1 Structural Formulas 118 4.2 Polar Covalent Bonds, Shape, and Polarity 123 4.3 Noncovalent Interactions 130 4.4 Families of Organic Compounds 132 CHAPTER 5 R EACTIONS 150 5.1 Chemical Equations 152 5.2 Reaction Types 156 5.3 Reactions Involving Water 158 5.4 Oxidation and Reduction 161 5.5 Mole and Mass Relationships in Reactions 167 5.6 Calculating the Yield of a Reaction 171 5.7 Free Energy and Reaction Rate 174 CHAPTER 6 G ASES , S OLUTIONS , C OLLOIDS , AND S USPENSIONS 190 6.1 Gases and Pressure 192 6.2 The Gas Laws 197 6.3 Partial Pressure 202 6.4 Solutions 204 6.5 Precipitation Reactions 207 6.6 Solubility of Gases in Water 209 6.7 Organic and Biochemical Compounds 212 6.8 Concentration 216 6.9 Dilution 221 6.10 Colloids and Suspensions 222 6.11 Diffusion and Osmosis 225 CHAPTER 7 A CIDS , B ASES , AND E QUILIBRIUM 238 7.1 Acids and Bases 240 7.2 Brønsted–Lowry Acids and Bases 241 7.3 Equilibrium 243 7.4 Le Châtelier’s Principle 246 7.5 Ionization of Water 250 7.6 The pH Scale 251 7.7 Acid and Base Strength 254 7.8 Neutralizing Acids and Bases 257 7.9 Effect of pH on Acid and Conjugate Base Concentrations 259 7.10 Buffers 261 7.11 Maintaining the pH of Blood Serum 263 CHAPTER 8 O RGANIC R EACTIONS 1—H YDROCARBONS , C ARBOXYLIC A CIDS , A MINES , AND R ELATED C OMPOUNDS 276 8.1 Alkanes 278 8.2 Constitutional Isomers 282 8.3 Conformations 284 8.4 Cycloalkanes 285 8.5 Alkenes, Alkynes, and Aromatic Compounds 287 8.6 Reactions of Hydrocarbons 291 8.7 Carboxylic Acids 297 8.8 Phenols 299 8.9 Carboxylic Acids and Phenols as Weak Organic Acids 301 8.10 Preparing Esters 304 8.11 Amines 307 8.12 Amines as Weak Organic Bases 311 8.13 Amides 313 O RGANIC R EACTIONS 2—A LCOHOLS , E THERS ,A LDEHYDES , AND K ETONES 334 9.1 Alcohols, Ethers, and Related Compounds 336 9.2 Preparation 339 9.3 Reactions 341 9.4 Aldehydes and Ketones 344 9.5 Oxidation of Aldehydes 347 9.6 Reduction of Aldehydes and Ketones 349 9.7 Reactions of Alcohols with Aldehydes and Ketones 352 CHAPTER 10 C ARBOHYDRATES 370 10.1 Monosaccharides 372 10.2 Stereoisomers 374 10.3 Important Monosaccharides and Monosaccharide Derivatives 381 10.4 Reactions of Monosaccharides 384 10.5 Monosaccharides in Their Cyclic Form 386 10.6 Oligosaccharides 390 10.7 Polysaccharides 401 CHAPTER 11 L IPIDS AND M EMBRANES 420 11.1 Fatty Acids 422 11.2 Waxes 427 11.3 Triglycerides 429 11.4 Phospholipids and Glycolipids 437 11.5 Steroids 441 11.6 Eicosanoids 445 11.7 Membranes 447 CHAPTER 12 P EPTIDES , P ROTEINS , AND E NZYMES 458 12.1 Amino Acids 460 12.2 The Peptide Bond 464 12.3 Peptides, Proteins, and pH 468 12.4 Protein Structure 469 12.5 Denaturation 477 12.6 Enzymes 478 12.7 Control of Enzyme–Catalyzed Reactions 482 CHAPTER 13 N UCLEIC A CIDS 498 13.1 Nucleic Acid Building Blocks 500 13.2 Nucleoside Di– and Triphosphates, Cyclic Nucleotides 505 13.3 Polynucleotides 506 13.4 DNA Structure 509 13.5 Denaturation 512 13.6 Nucleic Acids and Information Flow 514 13.7 DNA Replication 515 13.8 Transcription and RNA 517 13.9 Translation 520 13.10 Control of Gene Expression 522 13.11 Mutation 524 13.12 Recombinant DNA 525 13.13 DNA Fingerprinting 529 CHAPTER 14 M ETABOLISM 540 14.1 Metabolic Pathways, Energy, and Coupled Reactions 542 14.2 Overview of Metabolism 543 14.3 Digestion 548 14.4 Glycolysis 551 14.5 Gluconeogenesis 556 14.6 Glycogen Metabolism 558 14.7 Citric Acid Cycle 560 14.8 Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation 562 14.9 Lipid Metabolism 566 14.10 Amino Acid Metabolism 571 Appendix A Important Families of Organic Compounds 582 Appendix B Naming Ions, Ionic Compounds, Binary Molecules, and Organic Compounds 584 Appendix C Answers to Odd–Numbered Problems 591 Appendix D Glossary 639 Index I–
- ISBN: 978-1-118-35258-8
- Editorial: John Wiley & Sons
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 672
- Fecha Publicación: 04/07/2013
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés