Stable Isotope Forensics: Methods and Forensic Applications of Stable Isotope Analysis

The number–one guide, internationally, to all aspects of forensic isotope analysis, thoroughly updated and revised and featuring many new case studies This edition of the internationally acclaimed guide to forensic stable isotope analysis uses real–world examples to bridge discussions of the basic science, instrumentation and analytical techniques underlying forensic isotope profiling and its various technical applications. Case studies describe an array of applications, many of which were developed by the author himself. They include cases in which isotope profiling was used in murder, and drugs–related crime investigations, as well as for pharmaceutical and food authenticity control studies. Updated with coverage of exciting advances occurring in the field since the publication of the 1st edition, this 2nd edition explores innovative new techniques and applications in forensic isotope profiling, as well as key findings from original research. More than a simple update, though, this edition has been significantly revised in order to address serious problems that can arise from non–comparable and unfit–for–purpose stable isotope data. To that end, Part II has been virtually rewritten with greater emphasis now being placed on important quality control issues in stable isotope analysis in general and forensic stable isotope analysis in particular. Written in a highly accessible style that will appeal to practitioners, researchers and students alike Illustrates the many strengths and potential pitfalls of forensic stable isotope analysis Uses recent case examples to bridge underlying principles with technical applications Presents hands–on applications that let experienced researchers and forensic practitioners match problems with success stories    Includes new chapters devoted to aspects of quality control and quality assurance, including scale normalisation, the identical treatment principle, hydrogen exchange and accreditation Stable Isotope Forensics, 2nd Edition is an important professional resource for forensic scientists, law enforcement officials, public prosecutors, defence attorneys, forensic anthropologists and others for whom isotope profiling has become an indispensable tool of the trade. It is also an excellent introduction to the field for senior undergraduate and graduate forensic science students. All students of forensic criminology, and all law enforcement officers responsible for the investigation of serious crime , will want to study this book. Wolfram highlights the value, and future potential, of Stable Isotope Forensics as an emerging powerful tool in the investigation of crime. Roy McComb, Deputy Director, Specialist Investigations, National Crime Agency (NCA), UK A single author text in these days is rare and the value of this book lies in the dedication and experience of the author which is evident in the clarity of prose, the honest illustration of evidence and the realistic practical application of the subject – it makes this a text of genuine scientific value. Prof Dame Sue Black, PhD, DBE, OBE, FRSE, Leverhulme Research Centre for Forensic Science, University of Dundee, UK INDICE: Foreword to the 2nd Edition by Prof. Dame Sue Black, DBE, OBE, FRSE xi . Foreword to the 2nd Edition by Commissioner Mark Harrison, MBE xiii . Foreword xv . Book Endorsements xvii . Preface to the Second Edition by the Author xix . List of Abbreviations xxiii . About the CompanionWebsite xxv . Introduction: Stable Isotope Profiling or Chemical DNA : . A New Dawn for Forensic Chemistry? xxvii . I How it Works 1 . I.1 What are Stable Isotopes? 2 . I.2 Natural Abundance Variation of Stable Isotopes 4 . I.3 Chemically Identical and Yet Not the Same 12 . I.4 Isotope Effects, Mass Discrimination and Isotopic Fractionation 15 . I.4.1 Physical Chemistry Background 15 . I.4.2 Fractionation Factor  and Enrichment Factor   17 . I.4.3 Isotopic Fractionation in Rayleigh Processes 19 . I.4.3.1 Isotopic Fractionation Summary 20 . I.5 Stable Isotopic Distribution and Isotopic Fractionation of Light Elements in Nature 22 . I.5.1 Hydrogen 22 . I.5.2 Oxygen 26 . I.5.3 Carbon 27 . I.5.4 Nitrogen 30 . I.5.5 Sulfur 32 . I.5.6 Isoscapes 35 . I.6 Stable Isotope Forensics in Everyday Life 40 . I.6.1 Food Forensics 42 . I.6.1.1 Authenticity and Provenance of Single–Seed Vegetable Oils 42 . I.6.1.2 Authenticity and Provenance of Beverages 45 . I.6.1.3 Caveats 49 . I.6.2 Authenticity and Provenance of other Premium Products 53 . I.6.3 Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 54 . I.6.4 Environmental Forensics 59 . I.6.5 Wildlife Forensics 61 . I.6.6 Anti–Doping Control 62 . I.7 Summary of Part I 65 . References Part I 67 . II Instrumentation, Analytical Techniques and Data Quality 81 . II.1 Mass Spectrometry versus Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 82 . II.1.1 Stability, Isotopic Linearity and Isotopic Calibration 85 . II.2 Instrumentation and Isotope Abundance Notation 90 . II.2.1 Dual–Inlet IRMS Systems 92 . II.2.2 Continuous–Flow IRMS Systems 93 . II.2.3 Bulk Material Stable Isotope Analysis 94 . II.2.3.1 13 C, 15 N and 34 S 94 . II.2.3.2 2 H and 18 O 96 . II.2.4 Compound–Specific Stable Isotope Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds 98 . II.2.4.1 Compound–Specific 13 C or 15 N Analysis by GC/C–IRMS 98 . II.2.4.2 Compound–Specific 2 H or 18 O Analysis by GC/HTC–IRMS 100 . II.2.4.3 Position–Specific Isotope Analysis 101 . II.2.5 Compound–Specific 13 C/ 15 N Analysis of Polar, Non–Volatile Organic Compounds by LC–IRMS 101 . II.2.6 Compound–Specific Isotope Analysis and Forensic Compound Identification 103 . II.3 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Continuous–Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 106 . II.3.1 Compliance with IUPAC Guidelines is a Prerequisite not a Luxury 106 . II.3.2 The Identical Treatment Principle 111 . II.3.3 The Importance of Scale Normalization 112 . II.3.3.1 Scale Normalization of Measured 2 H Values to VSMOW 114 . II.3.3.2 Scale Normalization of Measured 13 C Values to VPDB 120 . II.3.3.3 Scale Normalization of Measured 18 O Values to VSMOW 122 . II.3.3.4 Scale Normalization of Measured 15 N Values to Air 126 . II.3.3.5 Scale Normalization of Measured 34 S Values to VCDT 127 . II.4 Points of Note for Stable Isotope Analysis 128 . II.4.1 Preparing for Analysis 128 . II.4.2 Generic Considerations for BSIA 131 . II.4.2.1 Scale Normalization of BSIA 132 . II.4.2.2 Keeping Your Powder Dry 134 . II.4.2.3 Isobaric Interference 135 . II.4.2.4 Ionization Quench Effect 137 . II.4.3 Particular Considerations for BSIA 140 . II.4.3.1 Bulk 15 N Analysis of Nitrates 140 . II.4.3.2 Bulk 2 H Analysis of Nitrogen–Rich Compounds 141 . II.4.3.3 Total 2 H versus True 2 H Values 141 . II.4.3.4 Organic Compounds with Exchangeable Hydrogen and Implications for 2 H Abundance Analysis 144 . II.4.3.4.1 Chemical and Biochemical Considerations Example: Hair 152 . II.4.3.5 2 H Analysis of Human Hair 158 . II.4.3.5.1 Two–Point Equilibration with Water at Ambient Temperature 161 . II.4.3.5.2 Two–Point End–Member Comparative Equilibration 166 . II.4.3.5.3 On–Line Two–Point End–Member Comparative Steam Equilibration 170 . II.4.4 Points of Note for CSIA 172 . II.4.4.1 Scale Normalization of GC–IRMS Analyses 172 . II.4.4.2 Isotope Effects in GC–IRMS during Sample Injection 175 . II.4.4.3 The Chromatographic Isotope Effect in GC–IRMS 176 . II.4.4.4 Derivatization of Polar Compounds for GC–IRMS 178 . II.4.4.5 Compound–Specific 2 H Analysis of N– or Cl–Rich Compounds 181 . II.5 Statistical Analysis of Stable Isotope Data within a Forensic Context 183 . II.5.1 Chemometric Analysis 183 . II.5.2 Bayesian Analysis 185 . II.6 Quality Control and Quality Assurance in Forensic Stable Isotope Analysis 194 . II.6.1 Accreditation to ISO 17025 195 . II.6.1.1 Who Assesses the Assessors? 197 . II.6.2 The Forensic Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry Network 205 . II.7 Summary of Part II 207 . II.A How to Set Up a Laboratory for Continuous–Flow Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry 209 . II.A.1 Pre–Installation Requirements 210 . II.A.2 Laboratory Location 210 . II.A.3 Temperature Control 211 . II.A.4 Power Supply 212 . II.A.5 Gas Supply 213 . II.A.6 Forensic Laboratory Considerations 216 . II.A.7 Finishing Touches 217 . II.B Sources of International Reference Materials and Tertiary Standards 219 . II.C Selected Sample Preparation Protocols 220 . II.C.1 Derivatization of Amino Acids for Compound Specific Isotope Analysis by GC–IRMS 220 . II.C.2 Acid Digest of Carbonate from Bio–apatite for 13 C and 18 O Analysis 223 . II.C.3 Preparing Silver Phosphate from Bio–apatite for 18 O Analysis 225 . II.C.4 Two–Point Water Equilibration Protocol for Determination of Non–ex 2 H Values of Human Hair 227 . II.D Internet Sources of Guidance and Policy Documents 231 . References Part II 233 . III Stable Isotope Forensics: Case Studies and Current Research 247 . III.1 Forensic Context 248 . III.1.1 Legal Context 249 . III.2 Distinguishing Drugs 255 . III.2.1 Natural and Semisynthetic Drugs 255 . III.2.1.1 Marijuana 255 . III.2.1.2 Morphine and Heroin 257 . III.2.1.3 Cocaine 259 . III.2.2 Synthetic Drugs 263 . III.2.2.1 Amphetamines 263 . III.2.2.2 Methamphetamine: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 264 . III.2.2.2.1 Two Different Synthetic Routes Clandestine Conditions 268 . III.2.2.3 MDMA: Synthesis and Isotopic Signature 270 . III.2.2.3.1 Three Different Synthetic Routes Controlled Conditions 273 . III.2.2.3.2 One Synthetic Route Variable Conditions 279 . III.2.3 Legal Highs and Designer Drugs 284 . III.2.3.1 Mephedrone 284 . III.2.3.2 Piperazines 287 . III.2.4 Excipients 291 . III.2.5 Conclusions 293 . III.3 Elucidating Explosives 296 . III.3.1 Stable Isotope Analysis of Explosives and Precursors 297 . III.3.1.1 Ammonium Nitrate (AN) 298 . III.3.1.2 Hexamine, RDX, C4 and Semtex 300 . III.3.1.3 Isotopic Product/Precursor Relationship 305 . III.3.1.3.1 RDX and HMX 305 . III.3.1.3.2 HMTD and TATP 309 . III.3.1.4 Hydrogen Peroxide 315 . III.3.2 Potential Pitfalls 321 . III.3.3 Conclusions 323 . III.4 Matching Matchsticks 324 . III.4.1 13 C–Bulk Isotope Analysis 325 . III.4.2 18 O–Bulk Isotope Analysis 326 . III.4.3 2 H–Bulk Isotope Analysis 328 . III.4.4 Matching Matches from Fire Scenes 330 . III.4.5 Conclusions 331 . III.5 Provenancing People 333 . III.5.1 Stable Isotope Abundance Variation in Human Tissue 336 . III.5.1.1 Hair and Nails 338 . III.5.1.1.1 Characteristics of Hair 340 . III.5.1.1.2 Characteristics of Nails 342 . III.5.1.1.3 Diagenetic Changes of Keratin 342 . III.5.1.1.4 2 H Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 343 . III.5.1.1.5 18 O Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 345 . III.5.1.1.6 13 C Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 346 . III.5.1.1.7 15 N Isotopic Record in Hair and Nail 347 . III.5.1.2 Bone and Teeth 350 . III.5.1.2.1 Chemical Composition of Bone and Teeth 351 . III.5.1.2.2 Static versus Remodelling Tissue Compartments 352 . III.5.1.2.3 Diagenetic Changes of Bone and Teeth Mineral 354 . III.5.1.2.4 Diagenetic Changes of Type I Collagen 356 . III.5.1.2.5 18 O Isotopic Record in Carbonate and Phosphate from Bio–apatite 357 . III.5.1.2.6 13 C Isotopic Record in Carbonate from Bio–apatite 363 . III.5.1.2.7 Isotopic Record in Type I Collagen 364 . III.5.1.3 Trophic Level Shift Effect on Stable Isotope Abundance Values in Human Tissue 365 . III.5.2 Case Examples 370 . III.5.2.1 The Skull from the Sea 371 . III.5.2.2 A Human Life Recorded in Hair 375 . III.5.2.3 Found in Newfoundland 379 . III.5.2.4 The Case of The Scissor Sisters 384 . III.5.2.5 Too Short a Life1314 390 . III.5.2.6 Saltair Sally 393 . III.5.2.7 A Tale of Two Cultures 394 . III.5.3 Conclusions and Caveats 397 . III.6 Stable Isotope Forensics of Other Physical Evidence 401 . III.6.1 Microbial Isotope Forensics 402 . III.6.2 Toxins and Poisons 404 . III.6.3 Paper, Plastic (Bags) and Parcel Tape 404 . III.6.3.1 Paper 404 . III.6.3.2 Plastic and Plastic Bags 407 . III.6.3.3 Parcel Tape 408 . III.6.4 Conclusions 412 . III.7 Evaluative Interpretation of Forensic Stable Isotope Data 413 . III.7.1 Not Scale Referenced –Values 415 . III.7.2 Unresolved Contradictory Data 418 . III.7.2.1 Example: Geographic Provenance of a Murder Victim 418 . III.7.2.2 Example: Manslaughter due to Negligence 420 . III.7.3 Foregone Conclusions 422 . III.7.4 Logical Fallacies 424 . III.7.5 Untested Assumptions 426 . III.7.6 Conclusion 428 . III.8 Summary of Part III 430 . III.A An Abridged List of Forensic Stable Isotope Laboratories Worldwide 432 . References Part III 434 . Recommended Reading 453 . Author s Biography 459 . Acknowledgements 461 . Index 463

• ISBN: 978-1-119-08020-6
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 512
• Fecha Publicación: 17/11/2017
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés