Metrology and Standardization for Nanotechnology: Protocols and Industrial Innovations

For the promotion of global trading and the reduction of potential risks, the role of international standardization of nanotechnologies has become more and more important. This book gives an overview of the current status of nanotechnology including the importance of metrology and characterization at the nanoscale, international standardization of nanotechnology, and industrial innovation of nano–enabled products. First the field of nanometrology, nanomaterial standardization and nanomaterial innovation is introduced. Second, major concepts in analytical measurements are given in order to provide a basis for the reliable and reproducible characterization of nanomaterials. The role of standards organizations are presented and finally, an overview of risk management and the commercial impact of metrology and standardization for industrial innovations. INDICE: Foreword XXVII .Preface XXIX .1 Introduction: An Overview of Nanotechnolgy and Nanomaterial Standardization and Opportunities and Challenges 1Ajit Jillavenkatesa .1.1 Standards and Standardization 1 .1.2 Nanotechnology Standardization 2 .1.3 Nanomaterial Standardization 8 .1.4 Challenges 9 .1.5 Opportunities 12 .1.6 Summary 13 .Part One Nanotechnology Basics: Definitions, Synthesis, and Properties 15 .2 Nanotechnology Definitions at ISO and ASTM International: Origin, Usage, and Relationship to Nomenclature and Regulatory and Metrology Activities 17Frederick C. Klaessig .2.1 Introduction 17 .2.2 Context based on Size, Property, and Regulatory Framework 19 .2.3 Nano–objects: Particles, Shapes, and Shape Descriptors 24 .2.4 Collections of Nano–Objects 27 .2.5 Layers and Coatings as Surface Chemistry 31 .2.6 National Definitions 32 .2.7 Nomenclature 34 .2.8 Terminology as a Controlled Vocabulary and Nomenclature as Knowledge Organization 42 .2.9 Concluding Remarks 44 .Acknowledgments 44 .References 45 .3 Engineered Nanomaterials: a Discussion of the Major Categories of Nanomaterials 49Marcel Van de Voorde, Maciej Tulinski, and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk .3.1 Description of Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 49 .3.2 Nanomaterials Morphologies 49 .3.3 Types of Nanomaterials 53 .3.4 Properties of Nanomaterials 58 .3.5 Applications of Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 61 .3.6 Conclusions and Outlook 69 .References 70 .4 Nanomaterials Synthesis Methods 75Maciej Tulinski and Mieczyslaw Jurczyk .4.1 Classification 75 .4.2 Physical Methods 78 .4.3 Chemical Methods 82 .4.4 Mechanical Methods 87 .4.5 Biological Synthesis 94 .4.6 Summary 95 .References 96 .5 Physicochemical Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 99Linda J. Johnston, Elisabeth Mansfield, and Gregory J. Smallwood .5.1 Introduction 99 .5.2 Composition 100 .5.3 Size and Size Distribution 102 .5.4 Morphology and Shape 105 .5.5 Aggregation and Agglomeration 107 .5.6 Surface Properties 108 .5.7 Conclusions and Outlook 110 .References 111 .6 Biological Properties of Engineered Nanomaterials 115Dong Hyun Jo, Jin Gyeong Son, Jin Hyoung Kim, Tae Geol Lee, and Jeong Hun Kim .6.1 Introduction 115 .6.2 Biological Properties of ENMs 116 .6.3 Metrology and Standardization of ENMs in the Context of Biological Properties 123 .6.4 Conclusions 125 .References 125 .Part Two Metrology for Engineered Nanomaterials 129 .7 Characterization of Nanomaterials 131Alan F. Rawle .7.1 Introduction 131 .7.2 Size 133 .7.3 Shape 136 .7.4 Surface 139 .7.5 Solubility 142 .7.6 International Standards and Standardization 144 .7.7 Summary 146 .Acknowledgments 146 .References 147 .8 Principal Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization of Engineered Nanomaterials 151Aleksandr B. Stefaniak .8.1 Introduction 151 .8.2 ENM Metrics and Instrumentation for Characterization 154 .8.3 Summary 169 .List of Abbreviations 169 .Disclaimer 170 .References 170 .9 Analytical Measurements of Nanoparticles in Challenging and Complex Environments 175Bryant C. Nelson and Vytas Reipa .9.1 Introduction 175 .9.2 Nanoparticle Measurements in Soils and Sediments 175 .9.3 Nanoparticle Measurements in Air 177 .9.4 Nanoparticle Measurements in Cosmetics 179 .9.5 Nanoparticle Measurements in Aquatic Environments 180 .9.6 Nanoparticle Measurements in Foods 182 .9.7 Nanoparticle Measurements in Biological Matrices 184 .9.8 Key Challenges for Characterizing Nanoparticle Sizes and Shapes in Biological Matrices 184 .9.9 Key Challenges in the Quantitative Measurement of Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 186 .9.10 Key Challenges for Determining Nanoparticle Dose/Concentration in Biological Matrices 187 .9.11 Key Challenges in Measuring Nanoparticle Agglomeration in Biological Matrices 188 .9.12 Notable Instrumentation for Characterizing Nanoparticles in Biological Matrices 188 .9.13 Concluding Remarks 190 .NIST Disclaimer 191 .List of Acronyms 191 .References 192 .10 Metrology for the Dimensional Parameter Study of Nanoparticles 197N. Feltin, S. Ducourtieux, and A. Delvallée .10.1 Introduction 197 .10.2 Traceability of the Dimensional Measurements at the Nanoscale 198 .10.3 Measuring the Nanoparticle Size 201 .10.4 Conclusions 209 .References 209 .11 Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques: Nanoscale Properties 211Daisuke Fujita .11.1 Introduction 211 .11.2 Historical Overview of Analytical Nanoscopic Techniques 212 .11.3 Scanning Probe Microscopy 214 .11.4 Electron Microscopy 219 .11.5 Emerging Nanocharacterization Techniques 222 .11.6 Summary 227 .References 227 .12 Tribological Testing and Standardization at the Micro– and Nanoscale 229Esteban Broitman .12.1 Introduction 229 .12.2 A Brief History of Tribology 230 .12.3 Scale Effects in Tribology Testing 232 .12.4 Experimental Methods for Tribology Characterization 234 .12.5 International Standardization in Micro– and Nanotechnology 243 .Acknowledgments 246 .References 246 .13 Stochastic Aspects of Sizing Nanoparticles 249Krzysztof J. Kurzydlowski .13.1 Introduction 249 .References 257 .Part Three Nanotechnology Standards 259 .14 ISO Technical Committee 229 Nanotechnologies 261Heather Benko .14.1 Introduction 261 .14.2 ISO/TC 229 Nanotechnologies 262 .References 267 .15 Standards from ASTM International Technical Committee E56 on Nanotechnology 269Debra L. Kaiser and Kathleen Chalfin .15.1 Introduction 269 .15.2 ASTM International 270 .15.3 ASTM Technical Committee E56 271 .15.4 ASTM E56 Standards 273 .15.5 ASTM E56 Future Technical Focus Areas 276 .15.6 Summary 277 .References 277 .16 International Electrotechnical Commission: Nanotechnology Standards 279Michael Leibowitz .16.1 International Electrotechnical Commission 279 .16.2 IEC Technical Committee 113 280 .16.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 286 .References 286 .17 Standardization of Nanomaterials: Methods and Protocols 289Dr. Jean–Marc Aublant .17.1 Genesis of CEN/TC 352 289 .17.2 Nanostrand: a European Road Map of Standards Needs for Nanotechnologies 290 .17.3 Mandate for a European Standardization Program for Nanotechnologies 291 .17.4 Mandate for Developing European Standards for Nanotechnologies 293 .17.5 Publication and Ongoing Work of CEN/TC 352 294 .References 297 .18 Nanomaterial Recommendations from the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry 299Elisabeth Mansfield, Richard Hartshorn, and Andrew Atkinson .18.1 IUPAC Organization 299 .18.2 The Future of IUPAC in Nanotechnology 302 .18.3 Summary, Conclusions, and Future Focus Areas 304 .References 305 .19 Reference Nanomaterials to Improve the Reliability of Nanoscale Measurements 307G. Roebben, V.A. Hackley, and H. Emons .19.1 Introduction 307 .19.2 Reference Materials for Quality Control 308 .19.3 Reference Materials for Instrument Calibration 310 .19.4 Reference Materials for Method Validation 312 .19.4.3 Example 3: Within–Laboratory Method Validation 315 .19.5 Outlook/Future Trends 317 .19.6 Conclusions 320 .Acknowledgment 320 .Disclaimer 320 .References 321 .20 Versailles Project on Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) and its Role in Nanotechnology Standardization 323Stephen Freiman .20.1 Background 323 .20.2 How Does VAMAS Help? 324 .20.3 The VAMAS Role in Nanotechnology 325 .20.4 Summary 326 .Part Four Risk–Related Aspects of Engineered Nanomaterials 327 .21 Categorization of Engineered Nanomaterials For Regulatory Decision–Making 329Maria J. Doa .21.1 Introduction 329 .21.2 Chemical Categories 330 .21.3 Adoption of a Similar Approach for Nanomaterials 331 .21.4 Categorization in a North American Regulatory Context 334 .21.5 Physicochemical Properties 339 .21.6 Conclusion 340 .References 340 .22 Nano–Exposure Science: How Does Exposure to Engineered Nanomaterials Happen? 343Christie M. Sayes and Grace V. Aquino .22.1 Introduction 343 .22.2 The Stages of a Product s Lifecycle 343 .22.3 Product Life Evaluation 344 .22.4 Product Lifecycle versus Product Value Chain 344 .22.5 Exposure at Each Stage of the ENM Product Lifecycle 348 .22.6 Environmental Release of Engineered Nanomaterials from Common Nano–enabled Products 354 .22.7 Conclusions 356 .References 357 .23 Nanotoxicology: Role of Physical and Chemical Characterization and Related In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Methods 363Pavan M. V. Raja, Ghislaine Lacroix, Jacques–Aurélien Sergent, Frédéric Bois, Andrew R. Barron, Enrico Monbelli, and Dan Elgrabli .23.1 Importance of Toxicological Studies Interaction of Nanoparticles and Living Species 363 .23.2 Regulatory Aspects Applied to Nanomaterials 367 .23.3 Essential Chemical and Physical Characterization for Nanotoxicological Studies 371 .23.4 Methods in Nanotoxicology 372 .23.5 Conclusions 376 .References 376 .24 Minimizing Risk: An Overview of Risk Assessment and Risk Management of Nanomaterials 381Jo Anne Shatkin, Kimberly Ong, and James Ede .24.1 How Risk Assessment and Risk Management Can Minimize Risk 381 .24.2 Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 383 .24.3 Risk Management of Nanomaterials 395 .24.4 Conclusions 402 .References 403 .Part Five Nanotechnology–based Products, Applications, and Industry 409 .25 Nanoenabled Products: Categories, Manufacture, and Applications 411Wendel Wohlleben, Christian Punckt, Jasmin Aghassi–Hagmann, Friedrich Siebers, Frank Menzel, Daniel Esken, Claus–Peter Drexel, Henning Zoz, Hans Ulrich Benz, Andreas Weier, Martin Hitzler, Andrea Iris Schäfer, Luisa De Cola, and Eko Adi Prasetyanto .25.1 General Overview 411 .25.2 Case Studies: Composite Systems 426 .25.3 Case Studies: Nanoporous Systems 440 .25.4 Case Studies: Particle–Based Systems 447 .25.5 Summary and Outlook 457 .References 460 .26 Application of Nanomaterials to Industry: How Are Nanomaterials Used and What Drives Future Applications? 465Denis Koltsov and Iwona Koltsov .26.1 Introduction 465 .26.2 Nanomaterial Application Types 466 .26.3 Sources of Innovation for Nanomaterials 472 .26.4 Barriers for Implementation 473 .26.5 Applications 476 .26.6 Conclusions 481 .References 481 .27 Ethics and Nanomaterials Industrial Production 485Daniel Bernard .27.1 Current Situation 487 .27.2 Strategy 491 .27.3 Safety 493 .27.4 Data Generation and Expertise Implementation 496 .27.5 Transparency 498 .27.6 Conclusions 499 .List of Acronyms 502 .References 503 .28 Nanomaterials for Energy Applications 505K. E. Hurst, J. M. Luther, C. Ban, and S. T. Christensen .28.1 Introduction 505 .28.2 Photovoltaics 505 .28.3 Solid–State Lighting 507 .28.4 Fuel Cell 509 .28.5 Biomass 510 .28.6 Electrochemical Batteries 511 .28.7 Electrochemical Capacitors 512 .28.8 Hydrogen Storage 513 .28.9 Conclusions 515 .References 515 .29 The Importance of Metrology and Standardization of Nanomaterials for Food Industry and Regulatory Authorities in Europe 519Reinhilde Schoonjans and Qasim Chaudhry .29.1 Introduction 519 .29.2 Current Trends in the Use of Engineered Nanomaterials in Agri/Food/Feed Products 520 .29.3 Nanometrology in Agri/Food/Feed 522 .29.4 Regulatory Aspects Relating to Standardization and Safe Use of Nanomaterials 527 .29.5 Safety Data for Regulatory Authorization in Europe 529 .29.6 Current Status of Regultory Assessments in Europe 530 .29.7 Concluding Remarks 533 .References 534 .30 Magnetic Properties and Applications of Engineered Nanomaterials 539Cindi L. Dennis .30.1 Introduction 539 .30.2 Fundamentals of Nanomagnetism 539 .30.3 Applications of Nanomagnets 547 .30.4 Summary 557 .References 557 .31 Nanomaterials in Textiles 559Keana Scott, Vicenç Pomar–Portillo, and Socorro Vázquez–Campos .31.1 Introduction 559 .31.2 Manufacturing Processes 560 .31.3 Quality Assurance/Quality Control 564 .31.4 Applications 566 .31.5 Conclusions 569 .References 569 .Index 573

• ISBN: 978-3-527-34039-2
• Editorial: Wiley VCH
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 626
• Fecha Publicación: 08/02/2017
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés