Cardiovascular Diseases: From Molecular Pharmacology to Evidence–Based Therapeutics

Written in an accessible style and consistent format, the bookcovers both the fundamentals and advances in the pharmacology ofcardiovascular drugs, as well as their integrated applications inthe management of individual cardiovascular diseases.     Integrates fundamentals and recentadvances regarding cardiovascular drugs, blending basic andclinical sciences needed to effectively understand and treatcardiovascular diseases     Facilitates understanding of drug actionand mechanism by covering physiology / pathophysiology andpharmacology     Includes guidelines and algorithms forpharmacotherapeutic management of cardiovascular diseases     Uses case presentations and studyquestions to enhance understanding of the material     Serves as a resource for pharmaceuticaland medical students and researchers interested in cardiovascularissues INDICE: PREFACE xix.LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xxii.UNIT I GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction to Cardiovascular Diseases 3.1.1 Overview 3.1.2 Definition of Cardiovascular Diseases 3.1.3 Classification of Cardiovascular Diseases 3.1.3.1 Classification Based on Anatomical Location 3.1.3.2 Classification Based on the Involvement of Atherosclerosis 4.1.3.3 Total Cardiovascular Diseases and ICD ]10 Classification 4.1.4 Prevalence, Incidence, and Trend of Cardiovascular Diseases 5.1.4.1 NCDs and Cardiovascular Diseases: The Global Status 7.1.4.2 The Status of Cardiovascular Diseases in the United States 7.1.4.3 The Status of Cardiovascular Diseases in China 8.1.5 Risk Factors of Cardiovascular Diseases 9.1.5.1 Classification of Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors 9.1.5.2 Major Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Their Impact 9.1.6 Prevention and Control of Cardiovascular Diseases 10.1.6.1 The UN High ]Level Meeting and Tackling Cardiovascular Diseases at the Global Level 10.1.6.2 The World Heart Federation Call to Action to Prevent and Control Cardiovascular Diseases 12.1.6.3 The AHA 2010 Health Impact Goal, 2020 Health Impact Goal, and Ideal Cardiovascular Health 12.1.6.4 US DHSS Million Hearts Initiative 14.1.7 Cardiovascular Risk Prediction and Evidence ]Based Treatments 15.1.7.1 Cardiovascular Risk Prediction 15.1.7.2 Evidence ]Based Treatments 18.1.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points 18.1.9 Self–Assessment Questions 18.References 19.2 Introduction to Principles of Pharmacology 21.2.1 Overview 21.2.2 Definitions and History 21.2.2.1 What Is Pharmacology? 21.2.2.2 Definitions of Related Terms 22.2.2.3 A Brief History of Pharmacology 22.2.3 Pharmacological Paradigm: the Central Dogma in Pharmacology 24.2.3.1 Drug Names, Sources, Preparations, and Administration 24.2.3.2 Pharmacokinetics 28.2.3.3 Pharmacodynamics 28.2.3.4 Drug Toxicity 28.2.3.5 Pharmacogenetics and Pharmacogenomics 29.2.4 Principles of Drug Discovery, Development, and Regulation 31.2.4.1 Definitions 31.2.4.2 The Paradigm of Drug Creation and Survival 31.2.4.3 The FDA Drug Review and Approval Process 32.2.5 Pharmacology Subspecialties 32.2.6 Introduction to Cardiovascular Pharmacology 32.2.6.1 Definition and Scope 32.2.6.2 New Developments and Challenges 32.2.6.3 Systems Pharmacology in the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases 34.2.6.4 Polypill for the Management of Cardiovascular Diseases 35.2.6.5 Protein Therapeutics of Cardiovascular Diseases 35.2.6.6 Gene Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases 35.2.6.7 Stem Cell Therapy of Cardiovascular Diseases 36.2.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 38.2.8 Self ]Assessment Questions 39.References 40.UNIT II DYSLIPIDEMIAS 43.3 Overview of Dyslipidemias and Drug Therapy 45.3.1 Introduction 45.3.2 Lipoprotein Metabolism 45.3.2.1 Definition, Structure, and Classification of Lipoproteins 45.3.2.2 Metabolic Pathways of Lipoproteins and Drug Therapy 47.3.3 Dyslipidemias and Genetic Lipoprotein Disorders 51.3.3.1 Classification and Molecular Etiologies 51.3.3.2 The Four Types of Dyslipidemias and Their.Underlying Genetic Lipoprotein Disorders 51.3.4 Mechanistically Based Drug Therapy of Dyslipidemias 51.3.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 53.3.6 Self ]Assessment Questions 54.References 54.4 Drugs for Dyslipidemias 56.4.1 Overview 56.4.2 Statins 56.4.2.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 56.4.2.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 57.4.2.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 58.4.2.4 Clinical Uses 61.4.2.5 Therapeutic Dosages 62.4.2.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 63.4.2.7 Summary of Statin Drugs 64.4.3 Bile Acid Sequestrants 64.4.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 64.4.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 65.4.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 65.4.3.4 Clinical Uses 67.4.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages 68.4.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 68.4.3.7 Summary of Bile Acid Sequestrants 68.4.4 Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors 69.4.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 69.4.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 69.4.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 69.4.4.4 Clinical Uses 70.4.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages 72.4.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 72.4.4.7 Summary of Ezetimibe 72.4.5 Fibrates 72.4.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 73.4.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 73.4.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 73.4.5.4 Clinical Uses 74.4.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 75.4.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 75.4.5.7 Summary of Fibrates 75.4.6 Niacin 75.4.6.1 General Introduction to Niacin 76.4.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 76.4.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 76.4.6.4 Clinical Uses 77.4.6.5 Therapeutic Dosages 78.4.6.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 78.4.6.7 Summary of Niacin 79.4.7 New Drugs for HoFH 80.4.7.1 Lomitapide 80.4.7.2 Mipomersen 82.4.7.3 Summary of New Drugs for HoFH 83.4.8 Phytosterols and Phytostanols 83.4.8.1 Introduction to Phytosterols and Phytostanols 83.4.8.2 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 83.4.8.3 Clinical Uses 84.4.8.4 Therapeutic Dosages 85.4.8.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 85.4.8.6 Summary of Phytosterols/Phytostanols 85.4.9 Omega ]3 Fatty Acids 86.4.9.1 Introduction to Omega ]3 Fatty Acids 86.4.9.2 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 87.4.9.3 Clinical Uses 87.4.9.4 Therapeutic Dosages 88.4.9.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 88.4.9.6 Summary of Omega ]3 Fatty Acids 88.4.10 Emerging Therapeutic Modalities for Dyslipidemias 88.4.10.1 Emerging Therapeutic Strategies Targeting LDL 88.4.10.2 Novel Therapeutic Strategies Targeting HDL 90.4.10.3 Summary of Emerging Drugs 93.4.11 Summary of Chapter Key Points 93.4.12 Self–Assessment Questions 93.References 95.5 Management of Dyslipidemias: Principles and Guidelines 99.5.1 Overview 99.5.2 General Principles of the Management of Dyslipidemias 99.5.2.1 Defining Dyslipidemias in the Context of Disease Management 99.5.2.2 Understanding Laboratory Lipid Profiles 100.5.2.3 Cardiovascular Risk Assessment 101.5.2.4 Treatment Goals 101.5.2.5 General Approaches to Management: Lifestyle Modifications and Drug Therapies 101.5.2.6 Management in Specific Clinical Settings 101.5.2.7 Treatment Monitoring and Adherence 102.5.3 Current Evidence ]Based Guidelines on the Management of Dyslipidemias 102.5.3.1 Defining Clinical Guidelines in the Context of Dyslipidemia Management 102.5.3.2 Classification of Evidence ]Based Guideline Recommendations and Strength of Evidence 102.5.3.3 Current Guidelines on the Management of Dyslipidemias 103.5.3.4 Comparison and Contrast of Current Lipid Guidelines 108.5.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 113.5.5 Self ]Assessment Questions 113.References 114.UNIT III HYPERTENSION AND MULTITASKING CARDIOVASCULAR DRUGS 117.6 Overview of Hypertension and Drug Therapy 119.6.1 Introduction 119.6.2 Definitions, Classifications, and Epidemiology of Hypertension 119.6.2.1 Definitions and Classifications 119.6.2.2 Epidemiology and Health Impact of Hypertension 120.6.3 Pathophysiology of Hypertension 121.6.3.1 Physiology of Blood Pressure Regulation 121.6.3.2 Molecular Pathophysiology of Hypertension Development 122.6.4 Mechanistically Based Drug Therapy of Hypertension: An Overview 123.6.4.1 Historical Overview 123.6.4.2 Mechanistic Overview 123.6.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 123.6.6 Self ]Assessment Questions 125.References 125.7 Diuretics 127.7.1 Overview 127.7.2 Volume Regulation and Drug Targeting 127.7.2.1 Renal Physiology and Volume Regulation 127.7.2.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting 128.7.3 Thiazide and Thiazide ]Type Diuretics 129.7.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 129.7.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 129.7.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 130.7.3.4 Clinical Uses 131.7.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages in Cardiovascular Applications 132.7.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 133.7.3.7 Summary of Thiazide and Thiazide ]Type Diuretics 134.7.4 Loop Diuretics 134.7.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 134.7.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 134.7.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 134.7.4.4 Clinical Uses 136.7.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages in Heart Failure Treatment 137.7.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 137.7.4.7 Summary of Loop Diuretics 137.7.5 Potassium ]Sparing Diuretics 138.7.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 138.7.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 138.7.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 139.7.5.4 Clinical Uses 140.7.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 141.7.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 141.7.6 Other Diuretics 142.7.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 143.7.8 Self ]Assessment Questions 143.References 144.8 Sympatholytics 147.8.1 Overview 147.8.2 Sympathetic Nervous System and Drug Targeting 147.8.2.1 Basic Divisions of the Nervous System 147.8.2.2 Sympathetic Nervous System and Cardiovascular Diseases 148.8.2.3 Drug Class and Drug Targeting 148.8.3 ]Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists 150.8.4 ]Adrenergic Receptor Antagonists 150.8.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 151.8.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 152.8.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 152.8.4.4 Clinical Uses 155.8.4.5 Dosage Forms and Strengths 157.8.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 157.8.5 Centrally Acting Sympatholytics 157.8.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points 158.8.7 Self ]Assessment Questions 159.References 159.9 Inhibitors of the Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System 161.9.1 Overview 161.9.2 The RAAS and Drug Targeting 161.9.2.1 History for Discovery of RAAS and Development of the RAAS Inhibitors 161.9.2.2 The RAAS 162.9.2.3 Drug Class and Drug Targeting 162.9.3 Direct Renin Inhibitors 162.9.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 162.9.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 163.9.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 164.9.3.4 Clinical Uses 165.9.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages 166.9.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 166.9.3.7 Summary of Aliskiren 166.9.4 ACE Inhibitors 166.9.4.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 167.9.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 167.9.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 167.9.4.4 Clinical Uses 168.9.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages 170.9.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 171.9.4.7 Summary of ACE Inhibitors 174.9.5 ARBs 174.9.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 174.9.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 174.9.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 174.9.5.4 Clinical Uses 176.9.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 178.9.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 178.9.5.7 Summary of ARBs 178.9.6 Comparative Pharmacology of Direct Renin Inhibitors, ACE Inhibitors, and ARBs 179.9.6.1 Clinical Equivalence 179.9.6.2 Comparative Effectiveness Review 180.9.6.3 Future Research Needs 180.9.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 181.9.8 Self–Assessment Questions 181.References 182.10 Calcium Channel Blockers 185.10.1 Overview 185.10.2 Calcium Channels and Drug Targeting 185.10.2.1 Calcium Channels 185.10.2.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting 185.10.3 L–TYPE CCBs 186.10.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 186.10.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 186.10.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 186.10.3.4 Clinical Uses 188.10.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages 190.10.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 190.10.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 192.10.5 Self–Assessment Questions 192.References 193.11 Nitrates and Other Vasodilators 194.11.1 Overview 194.11.2 Drug Class and Drug Targeting 194.11.2.1 Molecular Regulation of Vascular Tone 194.11.2.2 Drug Class 196.11.3 Organic Nitrates and Sodium Nitroprusside (Nitric Oxide ]Releasing Vasodilators) 196.11.3.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 196.11.3.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 196.11.3.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 197.11.3.4 Clinical Uses 199.11.3.5 Therapeutic Dosages 200.11.3.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 200.11.4 ET Receptor Antagonists 201.11.4.1 General Introduction to ET and Drug Class 201.11.4.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 202.11.4.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 202.11.4.4 Clinical Uses 203.11.4.5 Therapeutic Dosages 203.11.4.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 203.11.5 Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors 204.11.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 205.11.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 205.11.5.3 Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 205.11.5.4 Clinical Uses 205.11.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 206.11.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 206.11.6 sGC Stimulators 207.11.6.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 207.11.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 207.11.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 207.11.6.4 Clinical Uses 207.11.6.5 Therapeutic Dosages 207.11.6.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 208.11.7 K+ATP Channel Openers 209.11.7.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 209.11.7.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 210.11.7.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 210.11.7.4 Clinical Uses 210.11.7.5 Therapeutic Dosages 210.11.7.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 210.11.8 Other Vasodilators 210.11.8.1 Hydralazine 210.11.8.2 Fenoldopam 211.11.9 Summary of Chapter Key Points 212.11.10 Self–Assessment Questions 212.References 213.12 Management of Hypertension: Principles and Guidelines 215.12.1 Overview 215.12.2 Introduction to Current Guidelines for the Management of Systemic Hypertension 215.12.2.1 The JNC Guidelines 215.12.2.2 The Guidelines from the AHA and Collaborating Organizations 216.12.2.3 The American Society of Hypertension/International Society of Hypertension 2014 Guideline 216.12.2.4 The CHEP Guidelines 216.12.2.5 The BHS Guidelines 216.12.2.6 The British NICE Guidelines 216.12.2.7 The ESH/ESC Guidelines 217.12.2.8 Summary 217.12.3 Key Recommendations of Major Guidelines for the Management of Systemic Hypertension 217.12.3.1 Key Recommendations of the JNC7 Guideline 217.12.3.2 Key Recommendations of the AHA 2007 Guideline 217.12.3.3 Key Points of the 2014 AHA/ACC/CDC Science Advisory 219.12.3.4 Key Recommendations of the JNC8 Report 219.12.4 Lifestyle Modifications for the Management of Systemic Hypertension 221.12.4.1 General Considerations 221.12.4.2 Recommendations 221.12.4.3 Mechanisms 223.12.5 Drug Therapy of Systemic Hypertension 223.12.5.1 General Considerations of Drug Therapy 223.12.5.2 Drug Therapy for Special Situations 226.12.6 Drug Therapy of Prehypertension 234.12.6.1 General Considerations 234.12.6.2 Management 234.12.7 Drug Therapy of Pulmonary Hypertension 235.12.7.1 Classifications and General Considerations 235.12.7.2 Management of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension 235.12.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points 237.12.9 Self–Assessment Questions 238.References 239.UNIT IV ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: STABLE ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE 243.13 Overview of Ischemic Heart Disease, Stable Angina, and Drug Therapy 245.13.1 Introduction 245.13.2 Classification, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology 245.13.2.1 Classification 245.13.2.2 Epidemiology 249.13.2.3 Pathophysiology 249.13.3 Stable Angina and Drug Targeting 250.13.3.1 Definition and Classification 250.13.3.2 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting 251.13.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 252.13.5 Self–Assessment Questions 252.References 253.14 Drugs for Stable Angina 254.14.1 Overview 254.14.2 –Blockers for Treating Stable Angina 254.14.3 CCBs for Treating Stable Angina 255.14.4 Organic Nitrate for Treating Stable Angina 255.14.5 New Antianginal Drugs: Ranolazine 255.14.5.1 Introduction 255.14.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 255.14.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 255.14.5.4 Clinical Uses 257.14.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 257.14.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 257.14.6 Other New and Emerging Drugs 258.14.6.1 Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Oxidation 258.14.6.2 K+ATP Channel Activators 258.14.6.3 Inhibitors of Sinus Node Pacemaker Current 258.14.6.4 Emerging Antianginal Drugs and Stem Cell Therapy 259.14.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 259.14.8 Self–Assessment Questions 259.References 260.15 Management of Stable Angina/Stable Ischemic Heart Disease: Principles and Guidelines 262.15.1 Overview 262.15.2 Introduction to Current Guidelines on Management of Stable Angina/SIHD 262.15.2.1 Guidelines from the AHA and Its Collaborative Organizations 262.15.2.2 The ESC Guidelines 264.15.2.3 The 2011 NICE Guideline 265.15.3 General Principles of Management of Stable Angina/SIHD 265.15.3.1 Defining Treatment Objectives 265.15.3.2 Identifying Strategies to Attain the Treatment Objectives 266.15.4 Current Guideline Recommendations on Stable Angina/SIHD Management 266.15.4.1 Drug Therapy to Relieve Symptoms 266.15.4.2 Drug Therapy to Prevent Myocardial Infarction and Mortality 267.15.4.3 Revascularization 269.15.5 Management of Special Types of Stable Angina 271.15.5.1 Microvascular Angina 271.15.5.2 Vasospastic Angina 271.15.5.3 Refractory Stable Angina 272.15.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points 273.15.7 Self–Assessment Questions 273.References 273.UNIT V ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE: ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROMES 275.16 Overview of Acute Coronary Syndromes and Drug Therapy 277.16.1 Introduction 277.16.2 Definitions and General Considerations 277.16.2.1 Definitions 277.16.2.2 Historical Overview 277.16.2.3 Global Burden 278.16.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting 278.16.3.1 Historical Overview 278.16.3.2 Molecular Pathophysiology 278.16.3.3 Drug Targeting 279.16.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 280.16.5 Self–Assessment Questions 281.References 281.17 Anticoagulants, Platelet Inhibitors, and Thrombolytic Agents 283.17.1 Overview 283.17.2 Hemostasis 283.17.2.1 Definitions 283.17.2.2 Physiology 283.17.2.3 Disorders of Hemostasis and Drug Therapy 285.17.3 Anticoagulants 285.17.3.1 Vitamin K Antagonists 285.17.3.2 Heparins 287.17.3.3 SFXa Inhibitors 290.17.3.4 Direct Thrombin (Factor IIa) Inhibitors 293.17.4 Platelet Inhibitors 295.17.4.1 COX Inhibitors 296.17.4.2 P2Y12 ADP ]Receptor Antagonists 297.17.4.3 Thrombin Receptor Antagonists 300.17.4.4 Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists 302.17.4.5 Other Platelet Inhibitors 304.17.5 Thrombolytic Agents 304.17.5.1 General Introduction to Drug Class 304.17.5.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 305.17.5.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 306.17.5.4 Clinical Uses 306.17.5.5 Therapeutic Dosages 307.17.5.6 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 307.17.6 Summary of Chapter Key Points 307.17.7 Self–Assessment Questions 307.References 308.18 Management of Unstable Angina and Non–ST–Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Principles and Guidelines 310.18.1 Overview 310.18.2 Introduction to Evidence–Based Guidelines 310.18.2.1 The ACC/AHA 2007 Guideline and Its Focused Updates in 2011 and 2012 310.18.2.2 The ESC 2011 Guideline 311.18.2.3 Major New Changes of the ACCF/AHA 2011/2012 Focused Updates and the ESC 2011 Guideline 311.18.2.4 The NICE 2010 Guideline 311.18.2.5 Other Guidelines 311.18.3 General Principles of Management of UA/NSTEMI 311.18.4 Guideline–Based Recommendations on the Management of UA/NSTEMI 311.18.4.1 Anti–ischemic and Analgesic Therapy 312.18.4.2 Antiplatelet Therapy 312.18.4.3 Anticoagulant Therapy 312.18.4.4 Additional Considerations on Antithrombotic (Antiplatelet and Anticoagulant) Therapy 312.18.4.5 Coronary Revascularization 318.18.4.6 Recommendations for Special Patient Groups 318.18.4.7 Long–Term Management 323.18.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 324.18.6 Self–Assessment Questions 325.References 325.19 Management of ST–Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Principles and Guidelines 327.19.1 Overview 327.19.2 Definition and Epidemiology 327.19.3 Introduction to Recent Guidelines on the Management of STEMI 328.19.3.1 The ACCF/AHA Guidelines 328.19.3.2 Other Guidelines 328.19.4 Principles and Guideline Recommendations for the Management of STEMI 329.19.4.1 General Principles 329.19.4.2 The 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations 330.19.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 339.19.6 Self–Assessment Questions 340.References 340.UNIT VI HEART FAILURE 343.20 Overview of Heart Failure and Drug Therapy 345.20.1 Introduction 345.20.2 Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology 345.20.2.1 Definition 345.20.2.2 Classification 345.20.2.3 Epidemiology 347.20.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting 348.20.3.1 Pathophysiology of HF–REF and Drug Targeting 348.20.3.2 Pathophysiology of HF–PEF and Drug Targeting 349.20.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 349.20.5 Self–Assessment Questions 350.References 350.21 Drugs for Heart Failure 352.21.1 Overview 352.21.2 Diuretics for Heart Failure 352.21.3 –Blockers for HF 352.21.4 Inhibitors of the RAAS for HF 353.21.4.1 ACEIs 353.21.4.2 ARBs 353.21.4.3 Aldosterone Receptor Antagonists 353.21.4.4 Direct Renin Inhibitors 354.21.5 Vasodilators for HF 354.21.5.1 Vasodilators in Acute HF 354.21.5.2 Vasodilators in Chronic HF 354.21.6 Positive Inotropic Agents for HF 354.21.6.1 Introduction 355.21.6.2 Digitalis (Digoxin) 355.21.6.3 Dobutamine and Dopamine 357.21.6.4 PDE3 Inhibitors 359.21.6.5 Calcium–Sensitizing Agents 359.21.7 Emerging Drugs for HF 359.21.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points 360.21.9 Self–Assessment Questions 360.References 361.22 Management of Heart Failure: Principles and Guidelines 364.22.1 Overview 364.22.2 Management of Hf–REF 364.22.2.1 Introduction to Current Guidelines on the Management of HF–REF 364.22.2.2 The 2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline Recommendations for Treatment of HF Stages A to D 365.22.3 Management of HF–PEF 367.22.3.1 General Considerations 367.22.3.2 Guideline Recommendations 368.22.4 Management of Acute Heart Failure Syndromes 368.22.4.1 Definition and Precipitating Factors 368.22.4.2 Principles of Management 369.22.4.3 Guideline Recommendations 370.22.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 372.22.6 Self–Assessment Questions 373.References 374.UNIT Vii CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS 375.23 Overview of Cardiac Arrhythmias and Drug Therapy 377.23.1 Introduction 377.23.2 Definition, Classification, and Epidemiology 377.23.2.1 Definition and General Considerations 377.23.2.2 The ICD–10 Classification 377.23.2.3 Conventional Classification 378.23.2.4 Epidemiology 378.23.3 Pathophysiology and Drug Targeting 380.23.3.1 Pathophysiology 380.23.3.2 Drug Targeting 387.23.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 388.23.5 Self–Assessment Questions 389.References 390.24 Drugs for Cardiac Arrhythmias 391.24.1 Overview 391.24.2 Classification of Antiarrhythmic Drugs 391.24.3 Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs 392.24.3.1 General Aspects of Class I Drugs 392.24.3.2 Specific Class IA Drugs 393.24.3.3 Specific Class IB Drugs 394.24.3.4 Specific Class IC Drugs 396.24.4 Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs 398.24.4.1 General Aspects 398.24.4.2 –Blockers Commonly Used for Treating Arrhythmias 398.24.5 Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs 399.24.5.1 General Aspects 399.24.5.2 Specific Class III Drugs 399.24.6 Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs 404.24.6.1 General Aspects 404.24.6.2 Chemistry and Pharmacokinetics 404.24.6.3 Molecular Mechanisms and Pharmacological Effects 404.24.6.4 Clinical Uses and Therapeutic Dosages 405.24.6.5 Adverse Effects and Drug Interactions 406.24.7 Other Antiarrhythmic Drugs 406.24.7.1 Adenosine 406.24.7.2 Magnesium 407.24.7.3 Vernakalant 408.24.8 Summary of Chapter Key Points 408.24.9 Self–Assessment Questions 409.References 410.25 Management of Cardiac Arrhythmias: Principles and Guidelines 411.25.1 Overview 411.25.2 General Principles of Management 411.25.3 Management of Supraventricular Arrhythmias 411.25.3.1 Guidelines on Supraventricular Arrhythmias Excluding AF 412.25.3.2 Current Guidelines on the Management of AF 412.25.4 Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias 414.25.4.1 General Considerations 414.25.4.2 General Principles of Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias 416.25.4.3 Guideline Recommendations for the Management of Ventricular Arrhythmias 420.25.5 Summary of Chapter Key Points 421.25.6 Self–Assessment Questions 423.References 424.UNIT Viii ISCHEMIC STROKE 427.26 Overview of Ischemic Stroke and Drug Therapy 429.26.1 Introduction 429.26.2 Definition and Classification of Cerebrovascular Diseases 429.26.2.1 Definition of Cerebrovascular Diseases 429.26.2.2 The ICD–10 Classification of Cerebrovascular Diseases 429.26.3 Definition and Classification of Stroke 429.26.4 Epidemiology of Stroke 430.26.5 Risk Factors of Stroke 432.26.6 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke and Drug Targeting 432.26.6.1 Pathophysiology of Ischemic Stroke 432.26.6.2 Drug Targeting in Ischemic Stroke 432.26.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 434.26.8 Self ]Assessment Questions 434.References 435.27 Drugs for Ischemic Stroke 436.27.1 Overview 436.27.2 Drugs for Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke 436.27.2.1 Treatment of Hypertension 436.27.2.2 Treatment of Dyslipidemias with Statins 437.27.2.3 Treatment of Comoribund Conditions of Diabetics: Antihypertensives and Statins 437.27.2.4 Treatment of AF with Anticoagulants and Antiplatelet Agents 437.27.3 Drugs for Early Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke 438.27.3.1 Thrombolytic Drugs 438.27.3.2 Antiplatelet Agents 439.27.3.3 Anticoagulants 439.27.4 Drugs for Neuroprotection 439.27.4.1 Definition of Neuroprotection 439.27.4.2 Edaravone 440.27.4.3 Citicoline 440.27.4.4 Statins 440.27.5 Drugs for Secondary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke 441.27.5.1 Drugs for General Risk Factor Reduction 441.27.5.2 Drugs for Patients with Cardiogenic Embolism 441.27.5.3 Antithrombotic Therapy for Noncardioembolic Stroke (Specifically Atherosclerotic, Lacunar, or Cryptogenic Infarcts) and TIA 442.27.6 Stem Cell Therapy for Neurorepair 442.27.7 Summary of Chapter Key Points 442.27.8 Self–Assessment Questions 443.References 444.28 Management of Ischemic Stroke: Principles and Guidelines 447.28.1 Overview 447.28.2 Introduction to Stroke Systems of Care 447.28.3 Current AHA/ASA Guidelines on Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke 449.28.3.1 General Principles of Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke 449.28.3.2 Current AHA/ASA Guidelines on Early Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke 450.28.4 Summary of Chapter Key Points 450.28.5 Self–Assessment Questions 455.References 456.INDEX 457

• ISBN: 978-0-470-91537-0
• Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
• Encuadernacion: Cartoné
• Páginas: 496
• Fecha Publicación: 21/04/2015
• Nº Volúmenes: 1
• Idioma: Inglés