PWM DC–DC power converter technology underpins many energy conversion systems including renewable energy circuits, active power factor correctors, battery chargers, portable devices and LED drivers. Following the success of Pulse–Width Modulated DC–DC Power Converters this second edition has been thoroughly revised and expanded to cover the latest challenges and advances in the field. Key features of 2nd edition: Four new chapters, detailing the latest advances in power conversion, focus on: small–signal model and dynamic characteristics of the buck converter in continuous conduction mode; voltage–mode control of buck converter; small–signal model and characteristics of the boost converter in the discontinuous conduction mode and electromagnetic compatibility EMC. Provides readers with a solid understanding of the principles of operation, synthesis, analysis and design of PWM power converters and semiconductor power devices, including wide band–gap power devices (SiC and GaN). Fully revised Solutions for all end–of–chapter problems available to instructors via the book companion website. Step–by–step derivation of closed–form design equations with illustrations. Fully revised figures based on real data. With improved end–of–chapter summaries of key concepts, review questions, problems and answers, biographies and case studies, this is an essential textbook for graduate and senior undergraduate students in electrical engineering. Its superior readability and clarity of explanations also makes it a key reference for practicing engineers and research scientists. INDICE: About the Author xxi .Preface xxiii .Nomenclature xxv .1 Introduction 1 .1.1 Classification of Power Supplies 1 .1.2 Basic Functions of Voltage Regulators 3 .1.3 Power Relationships in DC DC Converters 4 .1.4 DC Transfer Functions of DC DC Converters 5 .1.5 Static Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 6 .1.6 Dynamic Characteristics of DC Voltage Regulators 9 .1.7 Linear Voltage Regulators 12 .1.8 Topologies of PWM DC DC Converters 16 .1.9 Relationships Among Current, Voltage, Energy, and Power 18 .1.10 Summary 19 .References 19 .Review Questions 20 .Problems 21 .2 Buck PWM DC DC Converter 22 .2.1 Introduction 22 .2.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for CCM 22 .2.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Converter for DCM 52 .2.4 Buck Converter with Input Filter 68 .2.5 Buck Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 68 .2.6 Buck Converter with Positive Common Rail 76 .2.7 Quadratic Buck Converter 76 .2.8 Tapped–Inductor Buck Converters 79 .2.9 Multiphase Buck Converter 83 .2.10 Switched–Inductor Buck Converter 85 .2.11 Layout 85 .2.12 Summary 85 .References 87 .Review Questions 88 .Problems 88 .3 Boost PWM DC DC Converter 90 .3.1 Introduction 90 .3.2 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for CCM 90 .3.3 DC Analysis of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 107 .3.4 Bidirectional Buck and Boost Converters 127 .3.5 Synchronous Boost Converter 129 .3.6 Tapped–Inductor Boost Converters 129 .3.7 Duality 133 .3.8 Power Factor Correction 134 .3.9 Summary 141 .References 142 .Review Questions 143 .Problems 143 .4 Buck Boost PWM DC DC Converter 145 .4.1 Introduction 145 .4.2 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for CCM 145 .4.3 DC Analysis of PWM Buck Boost Converter for DCM 162 .4.4 Bidirectional Buck Boost Converter 180 .4.5 Synthesis of Buck Boost Converter 181 .4.6 Synthesis of Boost Buck (C´ uk) Converter 183 .4.7 Noninverting Buck Boost Converters 184 .4.8 Tapped–Inductor Buck Boost Converters 186 .4.9 Summary 192 .References 192 .Review Questions 193 .Problems 193 .5 Flyback PWM DC DC Converter 195 .5.1 Introduction 195 .5.2 Transformers 196 .5.3 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for CCM 197 .5.4 DC Analysis of PWM Flyback Converter for DCM 214 .5.5 Multiple–Output Flyback Converter 232 .5.6 Bidirectional Flyback Converter 237 .5.7 Ringing in Flyback Converter 237 .5.8 Flyback Converter with Passive Dissipative Snubber 240 .5.9 Flyback Converter with Zener Diode Voltage Clamp 240 .5.10 Flyback Converter with Active Clamping 241 .5.11 Two–Transistor Flyback Converter 241 .5.12 Summary 243 .References 244 .Review Questions 244 .Problems 245 .6 Forward PWM DC DC Converter 246 .6.1 Introduction 246 .6.2 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for CCM 246 .6.3 DC Analysis of PWM Forward Converter for DCM 269 .6.4 Multiple–Output Forward Converter 288 .6.5 Forward Converter with Synchronous Rectifier 288 .6.6 Forward Converters with Active Clamping 288 .6.7 Two–Switch Forward Converter 290 .6.8 Forward Flyback Converter 291 .6.9 Summary 292 .References 293 .Review Questions 293 .Problems 294 .7 Half–Bridge PWM DC DC Converter 296 .7.1 Introduction 296 .7.2 DC Analysis of PWM Half–Bridge Converter for CCM 296 .7.3 DC Analysis of PWM Half–Bridge Converter for DCM 315 .7.4 Summary 326 .References 327 .Review Questions 327 .Problems 328 .8 Full–Bridge PWM DC DC Converter 330 .8.1 Introduction 330 .8.2 DC Analysis of PWM Full–Bridge Converter for CCM 330 .8.3 DC Analysis of PWM Full–Bridge Converter for DCM 351 .8.4 Phase–Controlled Full–Bridge Converter 361 .8.5 Summary 362 .References 362 .Review Questions 362 .Problems 363 .9 Small–Signal Models of PWM Converters for CCM and DCM 365 .9.1 Introduction 365 .9.2 Assumptions 366 .9.3 Averaged Model of Ideal Switching Network for CCM 366 .9.4 Averaged Values of Switched Resistances 369 .9.5 Model Reduction 375 .9.6 Large–Signal Averaged Model for CCM 377 .9.7 DC and Small–Signal Circuit Linear Models of Switching Network for CCM 381 .9.8 Block Diagram of Small–signal Model of PWM DC DC Converters 385 .9.9 Family of PWM Converter Models for CCM 386 .9.10 PWM Small–Signal Switch Model for CCM 389 .9.11 Modeling of Ideal Switching Network for DCM 391 .9.12 Averaged Parasitic Resistances for DCM 398 .9.13 Summary 400 .References 402 .Review Questions 405 .Problems 405 .10 Small–Signal Characteristics of Buck Converter for CCM 407 .10.1 Introduction 407 .10.2 Small–Signal Model of the PWM Buck Converter 407 .10.3 Open–Loop Transfer Functions 408 .10.4 Open–Loop Step Responses 426 .10.5 Open–Loop DC Transfer Functions 434 .10.6 Summary 436 .References 436 .Review Questions 437 .Problems 438 .11 Small–Signal Characteristics of Boost Converter for CCM 439 .11.1 Introduction 439 .11.2 DC Characteristics 439 .11.3 Open–Loop Control–to–Output Transfer Function 440 .11.4 Delay in Open–Loop Control–to–Output Transfer Function 449 .11.5 Open–Loop Audio Susceptibility 451 .11.6 Open–Loop Input Impedance 455 .11.7 Open–Loop Output Impedance 457 .11.8 Open–Loop Step Responses 461 .11.9 Summary 467 .References 467 .Review Questions 468 .Problems 468 .12 Voltage–Mode Control of PWM Buck Converter 470 .12.1 Introduction 470 .12.2 Properties of Negative Feedback 471 .12.3 Stability 474 .12.4 Single–Loop Control of PWM Buck Converter 475 .12.5 Closed–Loop Small–Signal Model of Buck Converter 478 .12.6 Pulse–Width Modulator 478 .12.7 Feedback Network 483 .12.8 Transfer Function of Buck Converter with Modulator and Feedback Network 486 .12.9 Control Circuits 489 .12.10 Closed–Loop Step Responses 511 .12.11 Summary 518 .References 519 .Review Questions 519 .Problems 520 .13 Voltage–Mode Control of Boost Converter 521 .13.1 Introduction 521 .13.2 Circuit of Boost Converter with Voltage–Mode Control 521 .13.3 Transfer Function of Modulator, Boost Converter Power Stage, and Feedback Network 523 .13.4 Integral–Double–Lead Controller 527 .13.5 Design of Integral–Double–Lead Controller 532 .13.6 Loop Gain 536 .13.7 Closed–Loop Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function 537 .13.8 Closed–Loop Audio Susceptibility 539 .13.9 Closed–Loop Input Impedance 539 .13.10 Closed–Loop Output Impedance 542 .13.11 Closed–Loop Step Responses 544 .13.12 Closed–Loop DC Transfer Functions 549 .13.13 Summary 552 .References 552 .Review Questions 552 .Problems 553 .14 Current–Mode Control 554 .14.1 Introduction 554 .14.2 Principle of Operation of PWM Converters with Peak CMC 555 .14.3 Relationship Between Duty Cycle and Inductor–Current Slopes 559 .14.4 Instability of Closed–Current Loop 560 .14.5 Slope Compensation 564 .14.6 Sample–and–Hold Effect on Current Loop 570 .14.7 Closed–Loop Control Voltage–to–Inductor Current Transfer Function in s–Domain 580 .14.8 Loop Gain of Current Loop 588 .14.9 Gain–Crossover Frequency of Inner Loop 595 .14.10 Phase Margin of Inner Loop 596 .14.11 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters Without Slope Compensation 598 .14.12 Maximum Duty Cycle for Converters with Slope Compensation 600 .14.13 Minimum Slope Compensation for Buck and Buck Boost Converter 605 .14.14 Minimum Slope Compensation for Boost Converter 607 .14.15 Error Voltage–to–Duty Cycle Transfer Function 610 .14.16 Closed–Loop Control Voltage–to–Duty Cycle Transfer Function of Current Loop 614 .14.17 Alternative Representation of Current Loop 618 .14.18 Current Loop with Disturbances 618 .14.19 Voltage Loop of PWM Converters with Current–Mode Control 624 .14.20 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current–Mode Control without Slope Compensation 631 .14.21 Feedforward Gains in PWM Converters with Current–Mode Control and Slope Compensation 634 .14.22 Control–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 636 .14.23 Audio–Susceptibility of Inner Loop with Feedforward Gains 637 .14.24 Closed–Loop Transfer Functions with Feedforward Gains 638 .14.25 Slope Compensation by Adding a Ramp to Inductor Current Waveform 638 .14.26 Relationships for Constant–Frequency Current–Mode On–Time Control 639 .14.27 Summary 639 .References 640 .Review Questions 644 .Problems 644 .14.28 Appendix: Sample–and–Hold Modeling 645 .15 Current–Mode Control of Boost Converter 653 .15.1 Introduction 653 .15.2 Open–Loop Small–Signal Transfer Functions 653 .15.3 Open–Loop Step Responses of Inductor Current 667 .15.4 Closed–Current–Loop Transfer Functions 675 .15.5 Closed–Voltage–Loop Transfer Functions 695 .15.6 Closed–Loop Step Responses 706 .15.7 Closed–Loop DC Transfer Functions 710 .15.8 Summary 711 .References 711 .Review Questions 712 .Problems 712 .16 Open–Loop Small–Signal Characteristics of PWM Boost Converter for DCM 713 .16.1 Introduction 713 .16.2 Small–Signal Model of Boost Converter for DCM 713 .16.3 Open–Loop Control–to–Output Transfer Function 716 .16.4 Open–Loop Input–to–Output Voltage Transfer Function 719 .16.5 Open–Loop Input Impedance 724 .16.6 Open–Loop Output Impedance 725 .16.7 Step Responses of Output Voltage of Boost Converter for DCM 728 .16.8 Open–Loop Duty Cycle–to–Inductor Current Transfer Function 731 .16.9 Open–Loop Input Voltage–to–Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 .16.10 Open–Loop Output Current–to–Inductor Current Transfer Function 735 .16.11 Step Responses of Inductor Current of Boost Converter for DCM 738 .16.12 DC Characteristics of Boost Converter for DCM 742 .16.13 Summary 745 .References 745 .Review Questions 746 .Problems 746 .17 Silicon and Silicon–Carbide Power Diodes 747 .17.1 Introduction 747 .17.2 Electronic Power Switches 747 .17.3 Atom 748 .17.4 Electron and Hole Effective Mass 749 .17.5 Semiconductors 750 .17.6 Intrinsic Semiconductors 751 .17.7 Extrinsic Semiconductors 756 .17.8 Wide Band Gap Semiconductors 762 .17.9 Physical Structure of Junction Diodes 764 .17.10 Static I V Diode Characteristic 768 .17.11 Breakdown Voltage of Junction Diodes 772 .17.12 Capacitances of Junction Diodes 784 .17.13 Reverse Recovery of pn Junction Diodes 789 .17.14 Schottky Diodes 798 .17.15 Solar Cells 806 .17.16 Light–Emitting Diodes 809 .17.17 SPICE Model of Diodes 810 .17.18 Summary 811 .References 815 .Review Questions 816 .Problems 817 .18 Silicon and Silicon–Carbide Power MOSFETs 819 .18.1 Introduction 819 .18.2 Integrated MOSFETs 819 .18.3 Physical Structure of Power MOSFETs 819 .18.4 Principle of Operation of Power MOSFETs 824 .18.5 Derivation of Power MOSFET Characteristics 826 .18.6 Power MOSFET Characteristics 831 .18.7 Mobility of Charge Carriers 833 .18.8 Short–Channel Effects 846 .18.9 Aspect Ratio of Power MOSFETs 848 .18.10 Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 850 .18.11 Gate Oxide Breakdown Voltage of Power MOSFETs 852 .18.12 Specific On–Resistance 852 .18.13 Figures–of–Merit of Semiconductors 855 .18.14 On–Resistance of Power MOSFETs 857 .18.15 Capacitances of Power MOSFETs 862 .18.16 Switching Waveforms 875 .18.17 SPICE Model of Power MOSFETs 877 .18.18 IGBTs 879 .18.19 Heat Sinks 880 .18.20 Summary 886 .References 888 .Review Questions 888 .Problems 889 .19 Electromagnetic Compatibility 891 .19.1 Introduction 891 .19.2 Definition of EMI 891 .19.3 Definition of EMC 892 .19.4 EMI Immunity 892 .19.5 EMI Susceptibility 893 .19.6 Classification of EMI 893 .19.7 Sources of EMI 895 .19.8 Safety Standards 896 .19.9 EMC Standards 896 .19.10 Near Field and Far Field 897 .19.11 Techniques of EMI Reduction 897 .19.12 Insertion Loss 898 .19.13 EMI Filters 898 .19.14 Feed–Through Capacitors 900 .19.15 EMI Shielding 900 .19.16 Interconnections 902 .19.17 Summary 903 .References 903 .Review Questions 903 .Problem 904 .A Introduction to SPICE 907 .B Introduction to MATLAB® 910 .C Physical Constants 915 .Answers to Problems 917 .Index 925
- ISBN: 978-1-119-00954-2
- Editorial: Wiley–Blackwell
- Encuadernacion: Cartoné
- Páginas: 960
- Fecha Publicación: 16/10/2015
- Nº Volúmenes: 1
- Idioma: Inglés